Assembly Gui Programming For Mac

. The history of the, understood as the use of graphic and a pointing device to control a, covers a five-decade span of incremental refinements, built on some constant core principles.

Several vendors have created their own windowing systems based on independent code, but with basic elements in common that define the 'window, icon, menu and pointing device' paradigm. There have been important technological achievements, and enhancements to the general interaction in small steps over previous systems. There have been a few significant breakthroughs in terms of use, but the same organizational and interaction are still in use.

Although many GUI are controlled by using a mouse, the keyboard can also be used with keyboard shortcuts or arrow keys. The interface developments described, below, have been summarized and omit many details in the interest of brevity. The influence of game computers and operation has been omitted.

(1968) Early dynamic information devices such as displays, where input devices were used for direct control of computer-created data, set the basis for later improvements of graphical interfaces. Some early (CRT) screens used a, rather than a mouse, as the pointing device. The concept of a multi-panel windowing system was introduced by the first real-time graphic display systems for computers: the and 's. Augmentation of Human Intellect (NLS) In the 1960s, 's project at the at in developed the (NLS). This computer incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows used to work on. Engelbart had been inspired, in part, by the desk-based information machine suggested by in 1945. Much of the early research was based on how young children learn.

So, the design was based on the childlike primitives of, rather than use of, user-defined procedures, or automated transformations of data as later used by adult professionals. Xerox PARC.

Workstation introduced the first commercial GUI operating system Engelbart's work directly led to the advances at. Several people went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the early 1970s.

In 1973, Xerox PARC developed the personal computer. It had a screen, and was the first computer to demonstrate the and (GUI).

It was not a commercial product, but several thousand units were built and were heavily used at PARC, as well as other XEROX offices, and at several universities for many years. The Alto greatly influenced the design of personal computers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, notably the, the and, and the first workstations. The interim Dynabook environment desktop (1976; aka Smalltalk-76 running on Alto). The GUI was first developed at Xerox PARC by, and a number of other researchers. It used, and (including the first fixed drop-down menu) to support commands such as opening files, deleting files, moving files, etc. In 1974, work began at PARC on Gypsy, the first bitmap What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get cut & paste editor. In 1975, Xerox engineers demonstrated a Graphical User Interface 'including icons and the first use of pop-up menus'.

In 1981 Xerox introduced a pioneering product, a incorporating many of PARC's innovations. Although not commercially successful, Star greatly influenced future developments, for example at,. The had an early graphical user interface.

The (and later ) was an early personal computer developed at Xerox PARC in 1973. It was the first computer to use the desktop metaphor and mouse-driven graphical user interface (GUI). The Alto, unlike Star, was not a commercial product, but several thousand units were built and were heavily used at PARC, other Xerox facilities, at least one government facility and at several universities for many years. The Alto greatly influenced the design of some personal computers in the following decades, notably the Apple Macintosh and the first Sun workstations. Blit The, a graphics terminal, was developed at Bell Labs in 1982. Lisp machines, Symbolics originally developed at and later commercialized by and other manufacturers, were early high-end single user computer workstations with advanced graphical user interfaces, windowing, and mouse as an input device. First workstations from Symbolics came to market in 1981, with more advanced designs in the subsequent years.

Apple Lisa and Macintosh (and later, the Apple IIgs). The desktop (1986). Beginning in 1979, started by and led by, the and teams at (which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas. The Lisa, released in 1983, featured a high-resolution stationery-based (document-centric) graphical interface atop an advanced hard disk based OS that featured such things as. The comparatively simplified Macintosh, released in 1984 and designed to be lower in cost, was the first commercially successful product to use a multi-panel window interface.

A was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper. File directories looked like file folders. There were a set of like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired; and the user could delete files and folders by dragging them to a icon on the screen. The Macintosh, in contrast to the Lisa, used a program-centric rather than document-centric design. Apple revisited the document-centric design, in a limited manner, much later with.

There is still some controversy over the amount of influence that Xerox's work, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of the and Macintosh, but it is clear that the influence was extensive, because first versions of Lisa GUIs even lacked icons. These prototype GUIs are at least mouse-driven, but completely ignored the ( 'window, icon, menu, pointing device') concept. Screenshots of first GUIs of Apple Lisa prototypes show the early designs. Note also that Apple engineers visited the PARC facilities (Apple secured the rights for the visit by compensating Xerox with a pre-IPO purchase of Apple stock) and a number of PARC employees subsequently moved to Apple to work on the Lisa and Macintosh GUI. However, the Apple work extended PARC's considerably, adding manipulatable icons, and manipulation of objects in the file system (see ) for example. A list of the improvements made by Apple, beyond the PARC interface, can be read at Folklore.org. Jef Raskin warns that many of the reported facts in the history of the PARC and Macintosh development are inaccurate, distorted or even fabricated, due to the lack of usage by historians of direct primary sources.

In 1984, Apple released a television commercial which introduced the Apple Macintosh during the telecast of by, with allusions to 's noted novel,. The commercial was aimed at making people think about computers, identifying the user-friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from previous business-oriented systems, and becoming a signature representation of Apple products.

In 1986, the was launched. The IIgs was a very advanced model of the successful series, based on technology (in fact, virtually two machines into one). It came with a new operating system, the, which features a -like GUI, very similar to that of the Macintosh series, able to deal with the advanced graphic abilities of its Video Graphics Chip (VGC).

Agat Released in 1983, the Soviet Union PC featured a graphical interface and a mouse device. SGI 1000 series and MEX Founded 1982, introduced the IRIS 1000 Series in 1983. The first graphical terminals (IRIS 1000) shipped in late 1983, and the corresponding workstation model (IRIS 1400) was released in mid-1984. The machines used an early version of the windowing system on top of the GL2 Release 1 operating environment.

Examples of the MEX user interface can be seen in a 1988 article in the journal 'Computer Graphics', while earlier screenshots can not be found. The first commercial GUI-based systems, these did not find widespread use as to their (discounted) academic list price of $22,500 and $35,700 for the IRIS 1000 and IRIS 1400, respectively. However, these systems were commercially successful enough to start SGI's business as one of the main graphical workstation vendors.

In later revisions of graphical workstations, SGI switched to the, which had been developed starting at since 1984 and which became the standard for UNIX workstations. Graphics Environment Manager (GEM). On the (1985) GEM received widespread use in the consumer market from 1985, when it was made the default user interface built into the operating system of the line of personal computers. It was also bundled by other computer manufacturers and distributors, such as. Later, it was distributed with the best-sold Digital Research version of DOS for IBM PC compatibles, the 6.0. The GEM desktop faded from the market with the withdrawal of the Atari ST line in 1992 and with the popularity of the in the PC front around the same period of time.

The Falcon030, released in 1993 was the last computer from Atari to use GEM. DeskMate. (1985) The computer was launched by in 1985 with a GUI called.

Workbench was based on an internal engine developed mostly by, called, which drove all the input events. The first versions used a blue/orange/white/black default palette, which was selected for high contrast on televisions. Workbench presented directories as drawers to fit in with the ' theme. Intuition was the and graphics library that made the GUI work. It was driven by user events through the mouse, keyboard, and other input devices. Due to a mistake made by the Commodore sales department, the first floppies of (released with the Amiga1000) named the whole OS 'Workbench'. Since then, users and CBM itself referred to 'Workbench' as the nickname for the whole (including Amiga DOS, Extras, etc.).

This common consent ended with release of version, which re-introduced proper names to the installation floppies of, Workbench, Extras, etc. Starting with Workbench 1.0, treated the Workbench as a backdrop, borderless window sitting atop a blank screen. With the introduction of 2.0, however, the user was free to select whether the main Workbench window appeared as a normally layered window, complete with a border and scrollbars, through a menu item. Amiga users were able to boot their computer into a (also known as the CLI or Amiga Shell).

This was a keyboard-based environment without the Workbench GUI. Later they could invoke it with the CLI/SHELL command 'LoadWB' which loaded Workbench GUI. One major difference between other OS's of the time (and for some time after) was the Amiga's fully, a powerful built-in animation system using a hardware and copper and 4 channels of 26 kHz 8-bit sampled sound. This made the Amiga the first multi-media computer years before other OS's. Like most GUIs of the day, Amiga's Intuition followed Xerox's, and sometimes Apple's, lead. But a was included which dramatically extended the functionality of the platform. However, the CLI/Shell of Amiga is not just a simple interface like in, but another graphic process driven by Intuition, and with the same gadgets included in Amiga's graphics.library.

The CLI/Shell interface integrates itself with the Workbench, sharing privileges with the GUI. The Amiga Workbench evolved over the 1990s, even after Commodore's 1994 bankruptcy. Acorn BBC Master Compact. Main article: Acorn's 8-bit BBC Master Compact shipped with Acorn's first public interface in 1986.

Little commercial software, beyond that included on the Welcome disk, was ever made available for the system, despite the claim by Acorn at the time that 'the major software houses have worked with Acorn to make over 100 titles available on compilation discs at launch'. The most avid supporter of the Master Compact appeared to be, who produced and specifically labelled their games as 'Master Compact' compatible.

A typical RISC OS 3.7 session The interface incorporates three (named Select, Menu and Adjust), menus, window order control (i.e. Send to back) and dynamic window (a window can have input focus at any position on the stack). The holds icons which represent mounted disc drives, RAM discs, running applications, system utilities and docked: Files, Directories or inactive Applications. These icons have context-sensitive menus and support behaviour. They represent the running application as a whole, irrespective of whether it has open windows. The GUI is centred around the concept of files. The Filer displays the contents of a disc.

Applications are run from the Filer view and files can be dragged to the Filer view from applications to perform saves. Are used to store applications.

The OS differentiates them from normal directories through the use of a (exclamation mark, also called shriek) prefix. Double-clicking on such a directory launches the application rather than opening the directory. The application's executable files and resources are contained within the directory, but normally they remain hidden from the user. Because applications are self-contained, this allows drag-and-drop installation and removal.

The RISC OS Style Guide encourages a consistent look and feel across applications. This was introduced in RISC OS 3 and specifies application appearance and behaviour. Acorn's own main were not updated to comply with the guide until 's Select release in 2001. Font manager The manager provides of fonts, the OS being the first operating system to include such a feature, having included it since before January 1989. Since 1994, in RISC OS 3.5, it has been possible to use an outline anti-aliased font in the WindowManager for UI elements, rather than the from previous versions.

MS-DOS file managers and utility suites. Norton Utilities 6.01 (1991). Note the graphical widgets and the arrow pointer in. Because most of the very early and compatibles lacked any common true graphical capability (they used the 80-column basic compatible with the original display adapter), a series of arose, including 's, which features typical GUI elements as menus, push buttons, lists with scrollbars and mouse pointer.

The name was later invented to name this kind of interface. Many MS-DOS text mode applications, like the default text editor for MS-DOS 5.0 (and related tools, like ), also used the same philosophy. The IBM DOS Shell included with IBM DOS 5.0 (circa 1992) supported both text display modes and actual graphics display modes, making it both a TUI and a GUI, depending on the chosen mode.

Advanced file managers for were able to redefine character shapes with and better display adapters, giving some basic low resolution icons and graphical interface elements, including an arrow (instead of a coloured cell block) for the mouse pointer. When the display adapter lacks the ability to change the character's shapes, they default to the character set found in the adapter's.

Some popular utility suites for MS-DOS, as (pictured) and used these techniques as well. Was a text mode multitasking program introduced in July 1985. Running on top of, it allowed users to run multiple DOS programs concurrently in windows. It was the first program to bring multitasking and windowing capabilities to a DOS environment in which existing DOS programs could be used. DESQview was not a true GUI but offered certain components of one, such as resizable, overlapping windows and mouse pointing. Applications under MS-DOS with proprietary GUIs.

DeluxePaint II for MS-DOS (1989) Before the age, and with the lack of a true common GUI under MS-DOS, most graphical applications which worked with, and better graphic cards had proprietary built-in GUIs. One of the best known such graphical applications was, a popular painting software with a typical WIMP interface. The original Reader executable file for MS-DOS was able to run on both the standard Windows 3.x GUI and the standard DOS command prompt.

When it was launched from the command prompt, on a machine with a graphics card, it provided its own GUI. Microsoft Windows (16-bit versions). (1993) The main window of a given application can occupy the full screen in maximized status. The users must then to switch between maximized applications using the Alt+Tab keyboard shortcut; no alternative with the except for de-maximize. When none of the running application windows are maximized, switching can be done by clicking on a partially visible window, as is the common way in other GUIs.

In 1988, for copyright infringement of the and GUI. The court case lasted 4 years before almost all of Apple's claims were denied on a contractual technicality. Subsequent appeals by Apple were also denied. Microsoft and Apple apparently entered a final, private settlement of the matter in 1997.

Main article: was launched in 1986. Originally written for the 8-bit home computer and shortly after, the series. The name was later used by the company as PC/Geos for IBM PC systems, then Geoworks Ensemble. It came with several application programs like a calendar and word processor, and a cut-down version served as the basis for 's DOS client.

Compared to the competing Windows 3.0 GUI it could run reasonably well on simpler hardware, but its developer had a restrictive policy towards third-party developers that prevented it from becoming a serious competitor. And it was targeted at machines and the computer age was dawning.

The X Window System. A Unix-based desktop (circa 1990). The standard windowing system in the world is the (commonly X11 or X), first released in the mid-1980s.

The (1983) was the precursor to X; X was developed at MIT as. Its original purpose was to allow users of the newly emerging graphic terminals to access remote graphics without regard to the workstation's operating system or the hardware. Due largely to the availability of the source code used to write X, it has become the standard layer for management of graphical and input/output devices and for the building of both local and remote graphical interfaces on virtually all Unix, and other operating systems, with the notable exceptions of. X allows a graphical terminal user to make use of remote resources on the network as if they were all located locally to the user by running a single module of software called the X server. The software running on the remote machine is called the client application.

X's network transparency protocols allow the display and input portions of any application to be separated from the remainder of the application and 'served up' to any of a large number of remote users. X is available today as. The 1990s: Mainstream usage of the desktop The widespread adoption of the PC platform in homes and small businesses popularized computers among people with no formal training. This created a fast-growing market, opening an opportunity for commercial exploitation and of easy-to-use interfaces and making economically viable the incremental refinement of the existing GUIs for home systems. Also, the spreading of and capabilities of providing and, along with faster and accelerated graphic cards, cheaper, orders of magnitude larger (from to ) and larger for telecom at lower cost helped to create an environment in which the common user was able to run complicated GUIs which began to favor aesthetics.

Windows 95 and 'a computer in every home'. Main articles: and After Windows 3.11, Microsoft began to develop a new consumer-oriented version of the operating system.

Windows 95 was intended to integrate Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products and included an enhanced version of DOS, often referred to as MS-DOS 7.0. It also featured a significant redesign of the GUI, dubbed 'Cairo'. While Cairo never really materialized, parts of Cairo found their way into subsequent versions of the operating system starting with Windows 95. Both Win95 and WinNT could run 32-bit applications, and could exploit the abilities of the, as the and up to 4 GiB of.

Windows 95 was touted as a 32-bit based operating system but it was actually based on a hybrid kernel (VWIN32.VXD) with the 16-bit user interface (USER.EXE) and graphic device interface (GDI.EXE) of Windows for Workgroups (3.11), which had 16-bit kernel components with a 32-bit subsystem (USER32.DLL and GDI32.DLL) that allowed it to run native 16-bit applications as well as 32-bit applications. In the marketplace, Windows 95 was an unqualified success, promoting a general upgrade to 32-bit technology, and within a year or two of its release had become the most successful operating system ever produced.

Accompanied by, Windows 95 was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system. Windows 95 saw the beginning of the, when the World Wide Web began receiving a great deal of attention in popular culture and mass media. Microsoft at first did not see potential in the Web, and Windows 95 was shipped with Microsoft's own online service called, which was dial-up only and was used primarily for its own content, not internet access. As versions of and were released at a rapid pace over the following few years, Microsoft used its desktop dominance to push its browser and shape the ecology of the web mainly as a. Windows 95 evolved through the years into. Windows ME was the last in the line of the Windows 3.x-based operating systems from Microsoft. Windows underwent a parallel 32-bit evolutionary path, where Windows NT 3.1 was released in 1993.

Windows NT (for New Technology) was a native 32-bit operating system with a new driver model, was unicode-based, and provided for true separation between applications. Windows NT also supported 16-bit applications in an NTVDM, but it did not support VxD based drivers. Windows 95 was supposed to be released before 1993 as the predecessor to Windows NT. The idea was to promote the development of 32-bit applications with backward compatibility – leading the way for more successful NT release.

After multiple delays, Windows 95 was released without unicode and used the VxD driver model. Windows NT 3.1 evolved to Windows NT 3.5, 3.51 and then 4.0 when it finally shared a similar interface with its Windows 9x desktop counterpart and included a Start button. The evolution continued with Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, then Windows 7. Windows XP and higher were also made available in 64-bit modes. Windows server products branched off with the introduction of Windows Server 2003 (available in 32-bit and 64-bit IA64 or x64), then Windows Server 2008 and then Windows Server 2008 R2. Windows 2000 and XP shared the same basic GUI although XP introduced Visual Styles. With Windows 98, the theme was introduced, allowing an approach for the desktop, but this feature was coldly received by customers, who frequently disabled it.

At the end, Windows Vista definitively discontinued it, but put a new on the desktop. The Macintosh's GUI has been revised multiple times since 1984, with major updates including. It underwent its largest revision to date with the introduction of the ' interface in 2001's.

It was a new operating system built primarily on technology from with UI elements of the original Mac OS grafted on. Uses a technology known as, for graphics rendering and drawing on-screen. Some interface features of macOS are inherited from NeXTStep (such as the, the automatic wait cursor, or double-buffered windows giving a solid appearance and flicker-free window redraws), while others are inherited from the old Mac OS operating system (the single system-wide menu-bar).

Introduced features to improve usability including, which is designed to make finding open windows easier. With released in April 2005 , new features were added, including (a virtual alternate desktop for mini specific-purpose applications) and a search tool called, which provides users with an option for searching through files instead of browsing through folders. With released in July 2011, included support for apps and released in September 2015 support creating a full-screen split view by pressing the green button on left upper corner of the window or Control+Cmd+F keyboard shortcut. GUIs built on the X Window System. A 2.28 desktop (2010) In the early days of X Window development, Sun Microsystems and AT&T attempted to push for a GUI standard called in competition with.

OPEN LOOK was developed from scratch in conjunction with, while Motif was a collective effort that fell into place, with a look and feel patterned after. Motif prevailed in the UNIX GUI battles and became the basis for the (CDE). CDE was based on (VUE), a proprietary desktop from that in turn was based on the Motif look and feel. In the late 1990s, there was significant growth in the Unix world, especially among the.

New graphical desktop movements grew up around Linux and similar operating systems, based on the X Window System. A new emphasis on providing an integrated and uniform interface to the user brought about new desktop environments, such as, and which have supplanted CDE in popularity on both Unix and Unix-like operating systems. The Xfce, KDE and GNOME look and feel each tend to undergo more rapid change and less codification than the earlier OPEN LOOK and Motif environments. 4.1 (2009) Later releases added improvements over the original Workbench, like support for high-color Workbench screens, context menus, and embossed 2D icons with pseudo-3D aspect. Some Amiga users preferred alternative interfaces to standard Workbench, such as Magellan. The use of improved, third-party GUI engines became common amongst users who preferred more attractive interfaces – such as (MUI),. These object-oriented graphic engines driven by user interface classes and methods were then standardized into the Amiga environment and changed Amiga Workbench to a complete and modern guided interface, with new standard gadgets, animated buttons, true 24-bit-color icons, increased use of wallpapers for screens and windows, alpha channel, transparencies and shadows as any modern GUI provides.

Modern derivatives of Workbench are for, Scalos, Workbench for and for. There is a brief article on Ambient and descriptions of MUI icons, menus and gadgets at and images of stay at main. Use of graphic engines dramatically changes the look and feel of a GUI to match actual styleguides. NeXTStep 3.x running, help and more apps.

The user interface was used in the line of computers. NeXTSTEP's first major version was released in 1989. It used for its graphical underpinning. The NeXTSTEP interface's most significant feature was the, carried with some modification into, and had other minor interface details that some found made it easier and more intuitive to use than previous GUIs. NeXTSTEP's GUI was the first to feature opaque dragging of windows in its user interface, on a comparatively weak machine by today's standards, ideally aided.

Desktop was developed on custom -based computers before switching to hardware by a team led by former Apple executive as an alternative to Mac OS. BeOS was later ported to Intel hardware. It used an object-oriented kernel written by Be, and did not use the, but a different written from scratch. Much effort was spent by the developers to make it an efficient platform for multimedia applications.

Was by (Palm Inc. At the time) in 2001. The BeOS GUI still lives in, an reimplementation of the BeOS. Current trends Mobile devices In 2007 with the and later in 2010 with the introduction of the, Apple popularized the style of interaction for screens, with those devices considered to be milestones in the development of. Other portable devices such as and have been a burgeoning area of deployment for GUIs in recent years. Since the mid-2000s, a vast majority of portable devices have advanced to having high-screen resolutions and sizes.

(The 's 2,560 × 1,440 pixel display is an example). Because of this, these devices have their own famed user interfaces and that have large communities dedicated to creating their own visual elements, such as icons, menus, wallpapers, and more.

Post-WIMP interfaces are often used in these mobile devices, where the traditional pointing devices required by the desktop metaphor are not practical. As high-powered graphics hardware draws considerable power and generates significant heat, many of the 3D effects developed between 2000 and 2010 are not practical on this class of device. This has led to the development of interfaces making a design feature of two dimensionality such as exhibited by the first used in and the 2012 redesign. – 3D user interface. Running on with AIGLX. In the first decade of the 21st century, the rapid development of led to a trend for the inclusion of 3D effects in window management.

It is based in experimental research in trying to expand the expressive power of the existing toolkits in order to enhance the physical cues that allow for. New effects common to several projects are scale resizing and zooming, several windows transformations and animations (wobbly windows, smooth minimization to system tray.), composition of images (used for window drop shadows and transparency) and enhancing the global organization of open windows ( to, etc.) The proof-of-concept desktop combines a physical representation of documents with tools for document classification possible only in the simulated environment, like instant reordering and automated grouping of related documents.

These effects are popularized thanks to the widespread use of 3D video cards (mainly due to gaming) which allow for complex visual processing with low CPU use, using the 3D acceleration in most modern graphics cards to render the application clients in a 3D scene. The application window is drawn off-screen in a pixel buffer, and the graphics card renders it into the 3D scene.

This can have the advantage of moving some of the window rendering to the on the graphics card and thus reducing the load on the main, but the facilities that allow this must be available on the graphics card to be able to take advantage of this. Examples of 3D user-interface software include and from, and bundled with.

Assembly Gui Programming For Machine

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